← [Documentation index](README.md)

# Bibliography

Every guide in this documentation closes with two citation sections: a
`## References` section listing the books and papers that support the physics
on the page (APA style, one bullet per source, each with a DOI or an official
publisher link, and half a sentence on what the entry supports), followed by a
`## Standards` section naming the normative documents the page implements,
clause by clause. This page collects the References entries of all
guides in one place, grouped by domain: a curated reading list, and the single
source of truth for link checking. Each entry lists the guide pages that cite
it; the list grows as guides gain their References sections.

## General acoustics

- Kinsler, L. E., Frey, A. R., Coppens, A. B., & Sanders, J. V. (2000).
  *Fundamentals of acoustics* (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-84789-2.
  [Publisher page](https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Fundamentals+of+Acoustics%2C+4th+Edition-p-9780471847892).
  The standard first course in acoustics: plane and spherical waves, acoustic
  impedance and the level definitions assumed throughout the guides.
  Cited by [Integrated and Statistical Levels](levels.md).
- Rossing, T. D. (Ed.). (2014). *Springer handbook of acoustics* (2nd ed.).
  Springer. ISBN 978-1-4939-0754-0.
  [doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0755-7](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0755-7).
  A one-volume survey of every domain this library touches, from room
  acoustics to psychoacoustics and underwater sound; the cross-domain
  reference of first resort.
- Beranek, L. L., & Mellow, T. J. (2012). *Acoustics: Sound fields and
  transducers*. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-391421-7.
  [doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05897-0](https://doi.org/10.1016/C2011-0-05897-0).
  Sound fields, radiation and electroacoustic transducers; supports the
  electroacoustics and sound-power material.
  Cited by [Electroacoustics](electroacoustics.md) and
  [Sound Power](sound-power.md).

## Signal processing

- Oppenheim, A. V., & Schafer, R. W. (2010). *Discrete-time signal processing*
  (3rd ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-198842-2.
  [Open Library record](https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780131988422).
  The digital-filter theory behind the SOS cascades, the bilinear transform
  and the multirate decimation used by the filter banks.
  Cited by [Filter Banks](filter-banks.md) and
  [Block Processing](block-processing.md).
- Smith, J. O. *Introduction to digital filters with audio applications*
  (online book). Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA),
  Stanford University.
  [ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/filters](https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/filters/).
  Free companion treatment of digital-filter design and analysis, a good next
  step after the filter-bank guides.
  Cited by [Filter Banks](filter-banks.md).
- Bristow-Johnson, R. *Audio EQ Cookbook*. Republished as a W3C Working Group
  Note (ed. R. Toy), 8 June 2021.
  [w3.org/TR/audio-eq-cookbook](https://www.w3.org/TR/audio-eq-cookbook/).
  The biquad coefficient recipes (peaking, shelves, low/high-pass, band-pass,
  notch, all-pass) and their Q / bandwidth / shelf-slope parameterization,
  implemented verbatim by `ParametricEQ`.
  Cited by [Filter Banks](filter-banks.md).
- Bendat, J. S., & Piersol, A. G. (2010). *Random Data: Analysis and
  Measurement Procedures* (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-24877-5.
  [doi:10.1002/9781118032428](https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118032428).
  The statistical error analysis behind the calibrated spectral estimators,
  the correlation and time-delay formulas, the Hilbert-envelope chapter and
  the log-magnitude/phase Hilbert relation of the minimum-phase utilities.
  Cited by [Calibrated Spectral Analysis](spectral-analysis.md),
  [Correlation, Time Delay and Envelope](correlation-delay.md) and
  [Swept-sine distortion and phase utilities](swept-sine-distortion.md).
- Thomson, D. J. (1982). Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis.
  *Proceedings of the IEEE*, 70(9), 1055-1096.
  [doi:10.1109/PROC.1982.12433](https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1982.12433).
  The multitaper method: Slepian tapers, eigenspectra and the adaptive
  weights implemented by `multitaper_psd`.
  Cited by [Calibrated Spectral Analysis](spectral-analysis.md).
- Percival, D. B., & Walden, A. T. (1993). *Spectral Analysis for Physical
  Applications: Multitaper and Conventional Univariate Techniques*.
  Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43541-3.
  [doi:10.1017/CBO9780511622762](https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511622762).
  The multitaper development (Chapter 7) behind `multitaper_psd` and the
  Slepian-sequence eigenvalue tables that anchor its test oracle.
  Cited by [Calibrated Spectral Analysis](spectral-analysis.md).
- Knapp, C. H., & Carter, G. C. (1976). The generalized correlation method
  for estimation of time delay. *IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech,
  and Signal Processing*, 24(4), 320-327.
  [doi:10.1109/TASSP.1976.1162830](https://doi.org/10.1109/TASSP.1976.1162830).
  The GCC framework and the Roth/SCOT/PHAT/maximum-likelihood weightings of
  the time-delay estimators.
  Cited by [Correlation, Time Delay and Envelope](correlation-delay.md).
- Farina, A. (2000). Simultaneous measurement of impulse response and
  distortion with a swept-sine technique. *108th AES Convention*, Paris,
  preprint 5093.
  [AES E-Library record](https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=10211).
  The exponential-sweep deconvolution and the L·ln(n) packing of the
  harmonic impulse responses ahead of the linear one.
  Cited by [Swept-sine distortion and phase utilities](swept-sine-distortion.md).
- Novak, A., Lotton, P., & Simon, L. (2015). Synchronized swept-sine:
  Theory, application and implementation. *Journal of the Audio Engineering
  Society*, 63(10), 786-798.
  [doi:10.17743/jaes.2015.0071](https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2015.0071).
  The synchronization condition for coherent harmonic phases, the analytic
  inverse-filter spectrum and the fractional-sample harmonic separation.
  Cited by [Swept-sine distortion and phase utilities](swept-sine-distortion.md).
- Müller, S., & Massarani, P. (2001). Transfer-function measurement with
  sweeps. *Journal of the Audio Engineering Society*, 49(6), 443-471.
  [AES E-Library record](https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=10189).
  The sweep-measurement monograph behind the practice notes: inverse
  filters, fades and distortion rejection.
  Cited by [Swept-sine distortion and phase utilities](swept-sine-distortion.md).

## Measurement instrumentation

- International Electrotechnical Commission. (2014). *Electroacoustics —
  Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters — Part 1: Specifications*
  (IEC 61260-1:2014).
  [IEC webstore](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/5063).
  The base-10 band edges and the class acceptance masks of the fractional
  octave banks.
  Cited by [Filter Banks](filter-banks.md) and
  [Multichannel and Performance](multichannel.md).
- International Electrotechnical Commission. (2013). *Electroacoustics —
  Sound level meters — Part 1: Specifications* (IEC 61672-1:2013).
  [IEC webstore](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/5708).
  The A/C/Z weightings, the exponential time weightings and the level
  metrics of the sound level meter, with the tolerance tables used for
  verification.
  Cited by [Integrated and Statistical Levels](levels.md),
  [Frequency Weighting (A, C, G, Z)](weighting.md),
  [Time Weighting and Integration](time-weighting.md) and
  [Multichannel and Performance](multichannel.md).
- International Electrotechnical Commission. (2013). *Electroacoustics —
  Sound level meters — Part 3: Periodic tests* (IEC 61672-3:2013).
  [IEC webstore](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/5710).
  The periodic laboratory verification of a sound level meter.
  Cited by [Calibration and dBFS](calibration.md).
- International Electrotechnical Commission. (2017). *Electroacoustics —
  Sound calibrators* (IEC 60942:2017).
  [IEC webstore](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/30045).
  The calibrator classes, level tolerances and the short-term stability
  criterion applied to calibration recordings.
  Cited by [Calibration and dBFS](calibration.md).

## Broadcast programme loudness

- International Telecommunication Union. (2023). *Algorithms to measure
  audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level* (Recommendation
  ITU-R BS.1770-5).
  [ITU-R publication](https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BS.1770).
  The K-weighting, channel weights, gating and true-peak algorithms.
  Cited by [Programme loudness & true peak](program-loudness.md).
- European Broadcasting Union. (2023). *Loudness normalisation and permitted
  maximum level of audio signals* (EBU R 128).
  [tech.ebu.ch/publications/r128](https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/r128).
  The −23.0 LUFS target, the −1 dBTP ceiling and the normalisation practice.
  Cited by [Programme loudness & true peak](program-loudness.md).
- European Broadcasting Union. (2023). *Loudness metering: 'EBU Mode'
  metering to supplement loudness normalisation* (EBU Tech 3341).
  [tech.ebu.ch/publications/tech3341](https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/tech3341).
  The M/S/I time scales and the minimum-requirements test signals.
  Cited by [Programme loudness & true peak](program-loudness.md).
- European Broadcasting Union. (2023). *Loudness range: A measure to
  supplement loudness normalisation* (EBU Tech 3342).
  [tech.ebu.ch/publications/tech3342](https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/tech3342).
  The LRA algorithm, its reference implementation and its test signals.
  Cited by [Programme loudness & true peak](program-loudness.md).
- European Broadcasting Union. (2023). *Guidelines for production of
  programmes in accordance with EBU R 128* (EBU Tech 3343).
  [tech.ebu.ch/publications/tech3343](https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/tech3343).
  The production practice behind the loudness normalisation numbers.
  Cited by [Programme loudness & true peak](program-loudness.md).
- Steinmetz, C. J., & Reiss, J. D. (2021). *pyloudnorm: A simple yet
  flexible loudness meter in Python*. 150th AES Convention.
  [github.com/csteinmetz1/pyloudnorm](https://github.com/csteinmetz1/pyloudnorm).
  An independent BS.1770 implementation, useful as a cross-check.
  Cited by [Programme loudness & true peak](program-loudness.md).

## Sound power and intensity

- Fahy, F. J. (1995). *Sound intensity* (2nd ed.). E&FN Spon.
  ISBN 978-0-419-19810-9.
  [doi:10.4324/9780203475386](https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203475386).
  The monograph on sound energy flux: active and reactive intensity, the
  p-p estimator and its phase-mismatch error budget.
  Cited by [Sound Power](sound-power.md) and
  [Sound Intensity (p-p)](intensity.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2019). *Acoustics —
  Determination of sound power levels of noise sources — Guidelines for the
  use of basic standards* (ISO 3740:2019).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/45107.html).
  The selection guide for the sound-power family: grades, environments,
  source-size and background criteria.
  Cited by [Sound Power](sound-power.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2010). *Acoustics —
  Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise
  sources using sound pressure — Precision methods for reverberation test
  rooms* (ISO 3741:2010).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/52053.html).
  The precision reverberation-room method.
  Cited by [Sound Power](sound-power.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2010). *Acoustics —
  Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise
  sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods for an essentially free
  field over a reflecting plane* (ISO 3744:2010).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/52055.html).
  The enveloping-surface engineering method.
  Cited by [Sound Power](sound-power.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2012). *Acoustics —
  Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise
  sources using sound pressure — Precision methods for anechoic rooms and
  hemi-anechoic rooms* (ISO 3745:2012).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/45362.html).
  The precision anechoic-room method.
  Cited by [Sound Power](sound-power.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (1993). *Acoustics —
  Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound
  intensity — Part 1: Measurement at discrete points* (ISO 9614-1:1993).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/17427.html).
  The field indicators and the dynamic-capability criterion of intensity
  measurement.
  Cited by [Sound Intensity (p-p)](intensity.md).
- International Electrotechnical Commission. (1993). *Electroacoustics —
  Instruments for the measurement of sound intensity — Measurements with
  pairs of pressure sensing microphones* (IEC 61043:1993; adopted in Europe
  as EN 61043:1994).
  [IEC webstore](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/4353).
  The p-p instrument standard: the cross-spectral estimator and the
  residual pressure-intensity index.
  Cited by [Sound Intensity (p-p)](intensity.md).

## Room acoustics

- Kuttruff, H. (2016). *Room acoustics* (6th ed.). CRC Press.
  [doi:10.1201/9781315372150](https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315372150).
  The reference monograph on sound fields in rooms: statistical decay
  theory, the Schroeder frequency, absorption and the perceptual room
  parameters.
  Cited by [Room Acoustics](room-acoustics.md),
  [Reverberation-time prediction](reverberation-prediction.md),
  [Image sources and the steady-state room field](room-image-sources.md),
  [Sound absorption in enclosed spaces](enclosed-space-absorption.md) and
  [2D FDTD wave simulation](fdtd-simulation.md).
- Vorländer, M. (2020). *Auralization: Fundamentals of acoustics, modelling,
  simulation, algorithms and acoustic virtual reality* (2nd ed.). Springer.
  [doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51202-6](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51202-6).
  The mirror-source room model and the source-path-receiver auralization
  chain.
  Cited by [Image sources and the steady-state room field](room-image-sources.md).
- Allen, J. B., & Berkley, D. A. (1979). Image method for efficiently
  simulating small-room acoustics. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
  America*, 65(4), 943-950.
  [doi:10.1121/1.382599](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.382599).
  The efficient rectangular-room image-source construction and its
  reflection-count decomposition.
  Cited by [Image sources and the steady-state room field](room-image-sources.md).
- Sabine, W. C. (1922). *Collected papers on acoustics*. Harvard University
  Press.
  [Free scan at the Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/collectedpaperso00sabi).
  The founding reverberation experiments and the Sabine law.
  Cited by [Reverberation-time prediction](reverberation-prediction.md).
- Eyring, C. F. (1930). Reverberation time in "dead" rooms. *The Journal of
  the Acoustical Society of America*, 1(2A), 217-241.
  [doi:10.1121/1.1915175](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1915175).
  The mean-free-path reverberation formula for strongly absorbing rooms.
  Cited by [Reverberation-time prediction](reverberation-prediction.md).
- Millington, G. (1932). A modified formula for reverberation. *The Journal
  of the Acoustical Society of America*, 4(1), 69-82.
  [doi:10.1121/1.1915588](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1915588).
  The per-surface logarithmic reverberation formula.
  Cited by [Reverberation-time prediction](reverberation-prediction.md).
- Fitzroy, D. (1959). Reverberation formula which seems to be more accurate
  with nonuniform distribution of absorption. *The Journal of the
  Acoustical Society of America*, 31(7), 893-897.
  [doi:10.1121/1.1907814](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1907814).
  The axial reverberation formula for anisotropic absorption.
  Cited by [Reverberation-time prediction](reverberation-prediction.md).
- Arau-Puchades, H. (1988). An improved reverberation formula. *Acustica*,
  65(4), 163-180.
  [Publisher record at Ingenta](https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/dav/aaua/1988/00000065/00000004/art00003).
  The geometric-mean refinement of the axial reverberation formula.
  Cited by [Reverberation-time prediction](reverberation-prediction.md).
- Schroeder, M. R. (1965). New method of measuring reverberation time.
  *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*, 37(3), 409-412.
  [doi:10.1121/1.1909343](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1909343).
  The backward integration of the squared impulse response into a decay
  curve.
  Cited by [Room Acoustics](room-acoustics.md).
- Hak, C. C. J. M., Wenmaekers, R. H. C., & van Luxemburg, L. C. J. (2012).
  Measuring room impulse responses: Impact of the decay range on derived
  room acoustic parameters. *Acta Acustica united with Acustica*, 98(6),
  907-915. [doi:10.3813/aaa.918574](https://doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918574).
  The impulse-to-noise-ratio (INR) analysis of decay-range requirements.
  Cited by [Room Acoustics](room-acoustics.md).
- Everest, F. A. (2001). *Master handbook of acoustics* (4th ed.).
  McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-136097-5.
  [Open Library record](https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780071360975).
  A practical room-acoustics handbook; its Fig. 7-22 worked example anchors
  the reverberation-prediction conformance suite.
  Cited by [Reverberation-time prediction](reverberation-prediction.md).
- Carrión Isbert, A. (1998). *Diseño acústico de espacios arquitectónicos*.
  Edicions UPC. ISBN 978-84-8301-252-9.
  [Open Library record](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23159935M).
  A Spanish-language textbook on acoustic room design.
  Cited by [Reverberation-time prediction](reverberation-prediction.md).
- Beranek, L. L. (1957). Revised criteria for noise in buildings. *Noise
  Control*, 3(1), 19-27.
  [doi:10.1121/1.2369239](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2369239).
  The original NC curves and their speech-interference rationale.
  Cited by [Room-noise criteria](room-noise.md).
- Kosten, C. W., & van Os, G. J. (1962). Community reaction criteria for
  external noises. In *The Control of Noise* (National Physical Laboratory
  Symposium No. 12, pp. 373-387). Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  [Open Library record](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL58781133M).
  The NR curve family contrasted with NC.
  Cited by [Room-noise criteria](room-noise.md).
- Blazier, W. E. (1997). RC Mark II: A refined procedure for rating the
  noise of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in
  buildings. *Noise Control Engineering Journal*, 45(6), 243-250.
  [doi:10.3397/1.2828446](https://doi.org/10.3397/1.2828446).
  The RC Mark II procedure later codified by ANSI/ASA S12.2 Annex D.
  Cited by [Room-noise criteria](room-noise.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2009). *Acoustics —
  Measurement of room acoustic parameters — Part 1: Performance spaces*
  (ISO 3382-1:2009).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/40979.html).
  Room-parameter definitions, position requirements and just-noticeable
  differences.
  Cited by [Room Acoustics](room-acoustics.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2008). *Acoustics —
  Measurement of room acoustic parameters — Part 2: Reverberation time in
  ordinary rooms* (ISO 3382-2:2008).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/36201.html).
  The accuracy grades and position counts of reverberation measurement.
  Cited by [Room Acoustics](room-acoustics.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2012). *Acoustics —
  Measurement of room acoustic parameters — Part 3: Open plan offices*
  (ISO 3382-3:2012).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/46520.html).
  The open-plan speech-privacy quantities.
  Cited by [Room Acoustics](room-acoustics.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2006). *Acoustics —
  Application of new measurement methods in building and room acoustics*
  (ISO 18233:2006).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/40408.html).
  The swept-sine and MLS acquisition of impulse responses.
  Cited by [Room Acoustics](room-acoustics.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2003). *Acoustics —
  Measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room* (ISO 354:2003).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/34545.html).
  The reverberation-room absorption measurement behind the surface data.
  Cited by [Room Acoustics](room-acoustics.md) and
  [Sound absorption in enclosed spaces](enclosed-space-absorption.md).
- European Committee for Standardization. (2003). *Building acoustics —
  Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of
  elements — Part 6: Sound absorption in enclosed spaces*
  (EN 12354-6:2003).
  [BSI Knowledge record (BS EN 12354-6:2003)](https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/building-acoustics-estimation-of-acoustic-performance-of-buildings-from-the-performance-of-elements-sound-absorption-in-enclosed-spaces).
  The absorption member of the EN 12354 prediction family.
  Cited by [Sound absorption in enclosed spaces](enclosed-space-absorption.md).
- Acoustical Society of America. (2019). *Criteria for evaluating room
  noise* (ANSI/ASA S12.2-2019).
  [ANSI webstore](https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/asa/ansiasas122019).
  The normative NC tangency method and the RC Mark II rating of its
  informative Annex D, with its spectral tag.
  Cited by [Room-noise criteria](room-noise.md).

## Materials and surfaces

- Allard, J. F., & Atalla, N. (2009). *Propagation of sound in porous media:
  Modelling sound absorbing materials* (2nd ed.). Wiley.
  ISBN 978-0-470-74661-5.
  [doi:10.1002/9780470747339](https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470747339).
  The porous-material theory linking airflow resistivity, surface impedance
  and absorption.
  Cited by [Acoustic Materials](materials.md) and
  [Porous and Multilayer Absorbers](porous-absorbers.md).
- Cox, T. J., & D'Antonio, P. (2017). *Acoustic absorbers and diffusers:
  Theory, design and application* (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
  ISBN 978-1-4987-4099-9.
  [doi:10.1201/9781315369211](https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315369211).
  The monograph on absorber and diffuser measurement and design, by the
  authors behind the ISO 17497-2 diffusion-coefficient method.
  Cited by [Acoustic Materials](materials.md),
  [Porous and Multilayer Absorbers](porous-absorbers.md) and
  [Surface Scattering, Diffusion and In-situ Absorption](surface-scattering.md).
- Mechel, F. P. (Ed.). (2008). *Formulas of acoustics* (2nd ed.). Springer.
  ISBN 978-3-540-76832-6.
  [doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76833-3](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76833-3).
  The formula compendium: layer reflection, multilayer schemes, diffuse-field
  absorption integrals and the empirical porous-material relations.
  Cited by [Porous and Multilayer Absorbers](porous-absorbers.md).
- Bies, D. A., Hansen, C. H., & Howard, C. Q. (2017). *Engineering noise
  control* (5th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4987-2405-0.
  [doi:10.1201/9781351228152](https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351228152).
  The engineering-noise-control reference; its Appendix D collects the
  porous-material coefficient sets and layered-construction recursions, and
  its Chapter 6 covers the steady-state room field and the room constant.
  Cited by [Porous and Multilayer Absorbers](porous-absorbers.md) and
  [Image sources and the steady-state room field](room-image-sources.md).
- Delany, M. E., & Bazley, E. N. (1970). Acoustical properties of fibrous
  absorbent materials. *Applied Acoustics*, 3(2), 105-116.
  [doi:10.1016/0003-682X(70)90031-9](https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-682X(70)90031-9).
  The original one-parameter empirical model for fibrous absorbers.
  Cited by [Porous and Multilayer Absorbers](porous-absorbers.md).
- Miki, Y. (1990). Acoustical properties of porous materials - Modifications
  of Delany-Bazley models. *Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E)*,
  11(1), 19-24. [doi:10.1250/ast.11.19](https://doi.org/10.1250/ast.11.19).
  The positive-real refit of the Delany-Bazley regression.
  Cited by [Porous and Multilayer Absorbers](porous-absorbers.md).
- Johnson, D. L., Koplik, J., & Dashen, R. (1987). Theory of dynamic
  permeability and tortuosity in fluid-saturated porous media. *Journal of
  Fluid Mechanics*, 176, 379-402.
  [doi:10.1017/S0022112087000727](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112087000727).
  The dynamic-tortuosity theory behind the Johnson-Champoux-Allard model.
  Cited by [Porous and Multilayer Absorbers](porous-absorbers.md).
- Maa, D.-Y. (1998). Potential of microperforated panel absorber. *Journal
  of the Acoustical Society of America*, 104(5), 2861-2866.
  [doi:10.1121/1.423870](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.423870).
  The exact microperforated-panel impedance, its end corrections and the
  design formulas.
  Cited by [Porous and Multilayer Absorbers](porous-absorbers.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2003). *Acoustics —
  Measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room* (ISO 354:2003).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/34545.html).
  The reverberation-room absorption method and its specimen mountings.
  Cited by [Acoustic Materials](materials.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (1998). *Acoustics —
  Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance
  tubes — Part 2: Transfer-function method* (ISO 10534-2:1998; adopted in
  Europe as EN ISO 10534-2:2001; since revised as
  [ISO 10534-2:2023](https://www.iso.org/standard/81294.html)).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/22851.html).
  The two-microphone transfer-function method and its plane-wave limits.
  Cited by [Acoustic Materials](materials.md).
- ASTM International. (2019). *Standard test method for normal incidence
  determination of porous material acoustical properties based on the
  transfer matrix method* (ASTM E2611-19, the edition implemented here;
  since revised as [ASTM E2611-24](https://store.astm.org/e2611-24.html)).
  [ASTM store](https://store.astm.org/e2611-19.html).
  The four-microphone transfer-matrix transmission-loss method.
  Cited by [Acoustic Materials](materials.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2018). *Acoustics —
  Determination of airflow resistance — Part 1: Static airflow method*
  (ISO 9053-1:2018).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/69869.html).
  The static airflow-resistance method and its reference velocity.
  Cited by [Acoustic Materials](materials.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2004). *Acoustics —
  Sound-scattering properties of surfaces — Part 1: Measurement of the
  random-incidence scattering coefficient in a reverberation room*
  (ISO 17497-1:2004+A1:2014, the edition implemented here).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/31397.html).
  The turntable scattering-coefficient method.
  Cited by [Surface Scattering, Diffusion and In-situ Absorption](surface-scattering.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2012). *Acoustics —
  Sound-scattering properties of surfaces — Part 2: Measurement of the
  directional diffusion coefficient in a free field* (ISO 17497-2:2012).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/55293.html).
  The goniometer diffusion-coefficient method.
  Cited by [Surface Scattering, Diffusion and In-situ Absorption](surface-scattering.md).

## Building acoustics

- Hopkins, C. (2007). *Sound insulation*. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  ISBN 978-0-7506-6526-1.
  [doi:10.4324/9780080550473](https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080550473).
  The comprehensive treatment of airborne and impact sound insulation:
  measurement chains, flanking transmission and the EN 12354 prediction
  framework.
  Cited by [Field Insulation Measurement and Ratings](insulation-field.md),
  [Laboratory Insulation Measurement](insulation-lab.md),
  [Predicting Sound Insulation (EN 12354)](insulation-prediction.md),
  [Bending-wave transmission at plate junctions](junction-transmission.md) and
  [Porous and Multilayer Absorbers](porous-absorbers.md).
- Vigran, T. E. (2008). *Building acoustics*. CRC Press.
  ISBN 978-0-415-42853-8.
  [doi:10.1201/9781482266016](https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482266016).
  A compact textbook on sound transmission in buildings, from single and
  double constructions to floating floors.
  Cited by [Field Insulation Measurement and Ratings](insulation-field.md),
  [Laboratory Insulation Measurement](insulation-lab.md) and
  [Dynamic stiffness of resilient materials](dynamic-stiffness.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2020). *Acoustics —
  Rating of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements — Part 1:
  Airborne sound insulation* (ISO 717-1:2020).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/77435.html).
  The reference-curve rating and the spectrum adaptation terms C and Ctr.
  Cited by [Field Insulation Measurement and Ratings](insulation-field.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2014). *Acoustics — Field
  measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements —
  Part 1: Airborne sound insulation* (ISO 16283-1:2014).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/55997.html).
  The field airborne measurement method.
  Cited by [Field Insulation Measurement and Ratings](insulation-field.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (1989). *Acoustics —
  Determination of dynamic stiffness — Part 1: Materials used under floating
  floors in dwellings* (ISO 9052-1:1989).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/16620.html).
  The resonance method for the dynamic stiffness per unit area, identical to
  EN 29052-1.
  Cited by [Dynamic stiffness of resilient materials](dynamic-stiffness.md).

## Structure-borne sound

- Cremer, L., Heckl, M., & Petersson, B. A. T. (2005). *Structure-borne
  sound: Structural vibrations and sound radiation at audio frequencies*
  (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-22696-3.
  [doi:10.1007/b137728](https://doi.org/10.1007/b137728).
  The standard monograph on structural vibration and its radiation:
  mobilities, power flow, vibration isolation, radiation efficiency and
  transmission across junctions.
  Cited by [Mechanical mobility and the FRF family](mechanical-mobility.md),
  [Dynamic transfer stiffness of resilient elements](transfer-stiffness.md),
  [Sound power from surface vibration](vibration-sound-power.md),
  [Structure-borne sound power of building equipment](structure-borne-power.md)
  and [Installed structure-borne sound from equipment](installed-structure-borne.md).
- Cremer, L., Heckl, M., & Ungar, E. E. (1973). *Structure-borne sound:
  Structural vibrations and sound radiation at audio frequencies* (1st ed.).
  Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-06002-4.
  [doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10118-6](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10118-6).
  The original derivation of the wave parameters χ and ψ and the bending-wave
  transmission coefficients for junctions of plates.
  Cited by [Bending-wave transmission at plate junctions](junction-transmission.md).
- Craik, R. J. M. (1996). *Sound transmission through buildings using
  statistical energy analysis*. Gower. ISBN 978-0-566-07572-5.
  The SEA treatment of airborne and structure-borne transmission in buildings,
  with the tabulated bending-wave transmission coefficients for X, T, L and
  in-line junctions.
  Cited by [Bending-wave transmission at plate junctions](junction-transmission.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2011). *Mechanical
  vibration and shock — Experimental determination of mechanical mobility —
  Part 1: Basic terms and definitions, and transducer specifications*
  (ISO 7626-1:2011).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/50426.html).
  The FRF family and its free/blocked distinctions.
  Cited by [Mechanical mobility and the FRF family](mechanical-mobility.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2015). *Mechanical
  vibration and shock — Experimental determination of mechanical mobility —
  Part 2: Measurements using single-point translation excitation with an
  attached vibration exciter* (ISO 7626-2:2015).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/62483.html).
  The attached-exciter measurement method and its acceptance criteria.
  Cited by [Mechanical mobility and the FRF family](mechanical-mobility.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2008). *Acoustics and
  vibration — Laboratory measurement of vibro-acoustic transfer properties of
  resilient elements — Part 1: Principles and guidelines* (ISO 10846-1:2008).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/38936.html).
  The blocking-force idealisation behind the dynamic transfer stiffness.
  Cited by [Dynamic transfer stiffness of resilient elements](transfer-stiffness.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2009). *Acoustics —
  Determination of airborne sound power levels emitted by machinery using
  vibration measurement — Part 1: Survey method using a fixed radiation
  factor* (ISO/TS 7849-1:2009).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/40537.html).
  The upper-limit sound power from surface velocity with ε = 1.
  Cited by [Sound power from surface vibration](vibration-sound-power.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2009). *Acoustics —
  Determination of airborne sound power levels emitted by machinery using
  vibration measurement — Part 2: Engineering method including determination
  of the adequate radiation factor* (ISO/TS 7849-2:2009).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/40538.html).
  The engineering method with a measured band-wise radiation factor.
  Cited by [Sound power from surface vibration](vibration-sound-power.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (1996). *Acoustics —
  Characterization of sources of structure-borne sound with respect to sound
  radiation from connected structures — Measurement of velocity at the
  contact points of machinery when resiliently mounted* (ISO 9611:1996).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/17424.html).
  The free-velocity characterization of resiliently mounted sources.
  Cited by [Structure-borne sound power of building equipment](structure-borne-power.md).

## Outdoor and environmental sound

- Salomons, E. M. (2001). *Computational atmospheric acoustics*. Kluwer
  Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4020-0390-5.
  [doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0660-6](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0660-6).
  The wave-based theory of outdoor sound (parabolic equation, fast field
  program, refraction, turbulence) behind the engineering approximations of
  ISO 9613-2.
  Cited by [Outdoor Sound Propagation](outdoor-propagation.md) and
  [Spherical ground effect and advanced barriers](ground-barriers.md).
- Attenborough, K., & Van Renterghem, T. (2021). *Predicting outdoor sound*
  (2nd ed.). CRC Press.
  [doi:10.1201/9780429470806](https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429470806).
  Ground impedance models, the spherical-wave reflection coefficient behind
  the ground dip, and meteorological effects on barriers.
  Cited by [Outdoor Sound Propagation](outdoor-propagation.md),
  [Spherical ground effect and advanced barriers](ground-barriers.md) and
  [Porous and Multilayer Absorbers](porous-absorbers.md).
  the ground dip, meteorological effects on barriers, and the chapter 4
  pressure-velocity FDTD reference model.
  Cited by [Outdoor Sound Propagation](outdoor-propagation.md) and
  [2D FDTD wave simulation](fdtd-simulation.md).
- Maekawa, Z. (1968). Noise reduction by screens. *Applied Acoustics*, 1(3),
  157-173.
  [doi:10.1016/0003-682X(68)90020-0](https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-682X(68)90020-0).
  The screen-attenuation chart against Fresnel number that barrier
  engineering formulas descend from.
  Cited by [Outdoor Sound Propagation](outdoor-propagation.md) and
  [Spherical ground effect and advanced barriers](ground-barriers.md).
- Kurze, U. J., & Anderson, G. S. (1971). Sound attenuation by barriers.
  *Applied Acoustics*, 4(1), 35-53.
  [doi:10.1016/0003-682X(71)90024-7](https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-682X(71)90024-7).
  The closed-form fit to Maekawa's chart in the Fresnel number.
  Cited by [Spherical ground effect and advanced barriers](ground-barriers.md).
- Hadden, W. J., & Pierce, A. D. (1981). Sound diffraction around screens and
  wedges for arbitrary point source locations. *Journal of the Acoustical
  Society of America*, 69(5), 1266-1276.
  [doi:10.1121/1.385809](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.385809).
  The exact wedge-diffraction solution whose flat-wedge (thin-screen) limit
  the barrier insertion loss uses.
  Cited by [Spherical ground effect and advanced barriers](ground-barriers.md).
- Kephalopoulos, S., Paviotti, M., & Anfosso-Lédée, F. (2012). *Common noise
  assessment methods in Europe (CNOSSOS-EU)* (EUR 25379 EN). Publications
  Office of the European Union.
  [doi:10.2788/31776](https://doi.org/10.2788/31776),
  [JRC repository](https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC72550).
  The common EU noise-mapping framework, contrasted with ISO 9613-2; its
  flow-resistivity ground classes are reused by the rotorcraft ground effect.
  Cited by [Outdoor Sound Propagation](outdoor-propagation.md) and
  [Rotorcraft noise](rotorcraft-noise.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (1993). *Acoustics —
  Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors — Part 1: Calculation of
  the absorption of sound by the atmosphere* (ISO 9613-1:1993).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/17426.html).
  The pure-tone atmospheric attenuation coefficient.
  Cited by [Outdoor Sound Propagation](outdoor-propagation.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (1996). *Acoustics —
  Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors — Part 2: General method
  of calculation* (ISO 9613-2:1996; revised in 2024, the 1996 method is the
  implemented one).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/20649.html).
  The implemented outdoor attenuation chain.
  Cited by [Outdoor Sound Propagation](outdoor-propagation.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2016). *Acoustics —
  Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 1:
  Basic quantities and assessment procedures* (ISO 1996-1:2016).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/59765.html).
  The environmental rating framework and its Table A.1 category adjustments.
  Cited by [Impulsive-sound prominence](impulse-prominence.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2017). *Acoustics —
  Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 2:
  Determination of sound pressure levels* (ISO 1996-2:2017).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/59766.html).
  The environmental measurement standard: its Annex J adopts the engineering
  method for tonal audibility, and the audibility criterion IEC 61400-11
  reuses comes from the Annex C of its 2007 edition.
  Cited by [Objective audibility of tones](tone-audibility.md) and
  [Wind-turbine noise](wind-turbine-noise.md).
- Nordtest. (2002). *Acoustics: Prominence of impulsive sounds and for
  adjustment of LAeq* (Nordtest Method NT ACOU 112).
  [nordtest.info](https://www.nordtest.info/wp/2002/05/01/acoustics-prominence-of-impulsive-sounds-and-for-adjustment-of-laeq-nt-acou-112/).
  The freely downloadable onset-rate prominence method.
  Cited by [Impulsive-sound prominence](impulse-prominence.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2022). *Acoustics —
  Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 3:
  Objective method for the measurement of prominence of impulsive sounds and
  for adjustment of LAeq* (ISO/PAS 1996-3:2022).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/77035.html).
  The objective onset-analysis method implemented by
  `environmental.impulsive_sound`: the level history LpAF (Clause 4), the onset
  detection and least-squares onset rate (Clauses 3.3-3.5), the prominence
  (Clause 5, Formula 2) and the adjustment KI (Clause 6, Formula 3).
  Cited by [Impulsive-sound prominence](impulse-prominence.md).
- International Electrotechnical Commission. (2018). *Wind turbines —
  Part 11: Acoustic noise measurement techniques*
  (IEC 61400-11:2012+AMD1:2018 CSV).
  [IEC webstore](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/63367).
  The apparent sound power geometry, wind-speed binning and tonal
  audibility of wind turbines.
  Cited by [Wind-turbine noise](wind-turbine-noise.md).
- International Electrotechnical Commission. (2005). *Wind turbines —
  Part 14: Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values*
  (IEC TS 61400-14:2005).
  [IEC webstore](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/5432).
  Declared values and their uncertainty for a batch of turbines.
  Cited by [Wind-turbine noise](wind-turbine-noise.md).

## Aircraft noise

- International Civil Aviation Organization. (2017). *Annex 16 to the
  Convention on International Civil Aviation: Environmental protection —
  Volume I: Aircraft noise* (8th ed.).
  [ICAO store](https://store.icao.int/en/annex-16-environmental-protection-volume-i-aircraft-noise).
  The aircraft noise-certification standard whose Appendix 2 defines the
  EPNL procedure.
  Cited by [Aircraft noise](aircraft-noise.md).
- International Civil Aviation Organization. (2018). *Environmental technical
  manual — Volume I: Procedures for the noise certification of aircraft*
  (Doc 9501, 3rd ed.).
  [ICAO store](https://store.icao.int/en/environmental-technical-manual-volume-1-procedures-for-the-noise-certification-of-aircraft-doc-9501-1).
  The certification guidance whose worked examples (tone correction,
  integrated-method EPNL) serve as numeric oracles.
  Cited by [Aircraft noise](aircraft-noise.md).
- International Electrotechnical Commission. (1995). *Electroacoustics —
  Instruments for measurement of aircraft noise — Performance requirements for
  systems to measure one-third-octave-band sound pressure levels in noise
  certification of transport-category aeroplanes* (IEC 61265:1995; since
  revised as [IEC 61265:2018](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/32635),
  the 1995 edition is the implemented one).
  [IEC webstore](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/5076).
  The aircraft-noise measurement-system performance tolerances.
  Cited by [Aircraft noise](aircraft-noise.md).
- SAE International. (2013). *Application of pure-tone atmospheric absorption
  losses to one-third octave-band data* (SAE ARP 5534, reaffirmed 2021).
  [sae.org](https://www.sae.org/standards/content/arp5534/).
  The SAE-Method one-third-octave-band atmospheric absorption for aircraft
  flyover spectra.
  Cited by [Aircraft noise](aircraft-noise.md).
- SAE International. (2012). *Standard values of atmospheric absorption as a
  function of temperature and humidity* (SAE ARP 866B, stabilized 2012).
  [sae.org](https://www.sae.org/standards/content/arp866b/).
  The predecessor SAE atmospheric-absorption practice, source of the older
  50 dB-limited Approximate Method.
  Cited by [Aircraft noise](aircraft-noise.md).
- SAE International. (2006). *Method for predicting lateral attenuation of
  airplane noise* (SAE AIR 5662).
  [sae.org](https://www.sae.org/standards/content/air5662/).
  The soft-ground lateral-attenuation model adopted by ECAC Doc 29.
  Cited by [Aircraft noise](aircraft-noise.md).
- European Civil Aviation Conference. (2016). *Report on standard method of
  computing noise contours around civil airports* (ECAC.CEAC Doc 29, 4th ed.),
  Volume 2: Technical guide.
  [ECAC documents page](https://www.ecac-ceac.org/documents/ecac-documents-and-international-agreements),
  [free PDF](https://www.ecac-ceac.org/images/documents/ECAC-Doc_29_4th_edition_Dec_2016_Volume_2.pdf).
  The European airport noise-contour method: NPD interpolation and the
  single-event segment calculation.
  Cited by [Aircraft noise](aircraft-noise.md).
- European Civil Aviation Conference. (2026). *Report on standard method of
  computing noise contours around civil airports* (ECAC.CEAC Doc 29, 5th ed.),
  Volume 3: Reference cases and verification framework.
  [ECAC documents page](https://www.ecac-ceac.org/documents/ecac-documents-and-international-agreements),
  [free PDF](https://www.ecac-ceac.org/images/documents/ECAC-CEAC-DOC_29_5th_Edition-REPORT_ON_STANDARD_METHOD_OF_COMPUTING_NOISE_CONTOURS_AROUND_CIVIL_AIRPORTS-Volume_3-REFERENCE_CASES_AND_VERIFICATION_FRAMEWORK.pdf).
  The reference cases and workbook used to validate the single-event chain.
  Cited by [Aircraft noise](aircraft-noise.md).
- European Civil Aviation Conference. (2026). *Report on standard method of
  computing rotorcraft noise contours* (ECAC.CEAC Doc 32, 1st ed.).
  [ECAC documents page](https://www.ecac-ceac.org/documents/ecac-documents-and-international-agreements),
  [free PDF](https://www.ecac-ceac.org/images/documents/ECAC-CEAC-DOC_32-REPORT_ON_STANDARD_METHOD_OF_COMPUTING_ROTORCRAFT_NOISE_CONTOURS.pdf).
  The standard rotorcraft contour method built on the noise hemisphere.
  Cited by [Rotorcraft noise](rotorcraft-noise.md).
- Olsen, H., Tuinstra, M., & van Oosten, N. (2024). *Rotorcraft noise
  modelling guidance* (Research Project NOISE SC01, deliverable D1.5d,
  contract EASA.2020.FC.06). European Union Aviation Safety Agency.
  [EASA project page](https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/research-projects/environmental-research-rotorcraft-noise),
  [free PDF](https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/downloads/132005/en).
  The NORAH2 equation-level modelling guidance, whose tables and reference
  hemispheres serve as oracles.
  Cited by [Rotorcraft noise](rotorcraft-noise.md).
- Chien, C. F., & Soroka, W. W. (1975). Sound propagation along an impedance
  plane. *Journal of Sound and Vibration*, 43(1), 9-20.
  [doi:10.1016/0022-460X(75)90200-X](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(75)90200-X).
  The two-ray interference solution over an impedance plane behind the
  rotorcraft ground effect.
  Cited by [Rotorcraft noise](rotorcraft-noise.md).
- Delany, M. E., & Bazley, E. N. (1970). Acoustical properties of fibrous
  absorbent materials. *Applied Acoustics*, 3(2), 105-116.
  [doi:10.1016/0003-682X(70)90031-9](https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-682X(70)90031-9).
  The one-parameter flow-resistivity ground-impedance model.
  Cited by [Rotorcraft noise](rotorcraft-noise.md).

## Underwater sound

- Urick, R. J. (1983). *Principles of underwater sound* (3rd ed.).
  McGraw-Hill; reprinted 1996 by Peninsula Publishing.
  ISBN 978-0-932146-62-5.
  [Open Library record](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9317725M).
  The classic monograph on underwater sound: level conventions, ship
  radiated noise and the sonar-equation framework.
  Cited by [Underwater acoustics](underwater-acoustics.md) and
  [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Ainslie, M. A. (2010). *Principles of sonar performance modelling*.
  Springer.
  [doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87662-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87662-5).
  The systematic treatment of underwater acoustical quantities in the line
  that ISO 18405 standardised.
  Cited by [Underwater acoustics](underwater-acoustics.md).
- Medwin, H., & Clay, C. S. (1998). *Fundamentals of acoustical oceanography*.
  Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-487570-8.
  [Publisher page](https://shop.elsevier.com/books/fundamentals-of-acoustical-oceanography/medwin/978-0-12-487570-8).
  Ocean acoustics from first principles; the fluid-fluid Rayleigh
  reflection coefficient of the seabed model.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Jensen, F. B., Kuperman, W. A., Porter, M. B., & Schmidt, H. (2011).
  *Computational ocean acoustics* (2nd ed.). Springer.
  [doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8678-8](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8678-8).
  The reference monograph on numerical propagation: normal modes, ray
  tracing and the parabolic equation.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Francois, R. E., & Garrison, G. R. (1982). Sound absorption based on ocean
  measurements: Part I: Pure water and magnesium sulfate contributions.
  *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*, 72(3), 896-907.
  [doi:10.1121/1.388170](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.388170).
  The pure-water and magnesium-sulfate halves of the reference seawater
  absorption model.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Francois, R. E., & Garrison, G. R. (1982). Sound absorption based on ocean
  measurements. Part II: Boric acid contribution and equation for total
  absorption. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*, 72(6),
  1879-1890.
  [doi:10.1121/1.388673](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.388673).
  The boric-acid term and the complete total-absorption equation.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Ainslie, M. A., & McColm, J. G. (1998). A simplified formula for viscous and
  chemical absorption in sea water. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
  America*, 103(3), 1671-1672.
  [doi:10.1121/1.421258](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.421258).
  The legible simplified seawater absorption formula.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Thorp, W. H. (1967). Analytic description of the low-frequency attenuation
  coefficient. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*, 42(1), 270.
  [doi:10.1121/1.1910566](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1910566).
  The frequency-only low-frequency absorption formula.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Chen, C.-T., & Millero, F. J. (1977). Speed of sound in seawater at high
  pressures. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*, 62(5),
  1129-1135.
  [doi:10.1121/1.381646](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381646).
  The UNESCO international-standard sound-speed equation.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Wong, G. S. K., & Zhu, S. (1995). Speed of sound in seawater as a function
  of salinity, temperature, and pressure. *The Journal of the Acoustical
  Society of America*, 97(3), 1732-1736.
  [doi:10.1121/1.413048](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.413048).
  The ITS-90 recast of the UNESCO sound-speed coefficients, the implemented
  form.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Del Grosso, V. A. (1974). New equation for the speed of sound in natural
  waters (with comparisons to other equations). *The Journal of the
  Acoustical Society of America*, 56(4), 1084-1091.
  [doi:10.1121/1.1903388](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1903388).
  The alternative pressure-based sound-speed equation.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Mackenzie, K. V. (1981). Nine-term equation for sound speed in the oceans.
  *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*, 70(3), 807-812.
  [doi:10.1121/1.386920](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.386920).
  The depth-based nine-term sound-speed equation.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Leroy, C. C., & Parthiot, F. (1998). Depth-pressure relationships in the
  oceans and seas. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*, 103(3),
  1346-1352.
  [doi:10.1121/1.421275](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.421275).
  The depth-to-pressure conversion used by the sound-speed equations.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Wenz, G. M. (1962). Acoustic ambient noise in the ocean: Spectra and
  sources. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*, 34(12),
  1936-1956.
  [doi:10.1121/1.1909155](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1909155).
  The classic ambient-noise survey behind the wind and thermal spectrum
  components.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Carey, W. M., & Evans, R. B. (2011). *Ocean ambient noise: Measurement and
  theory*. Springer.
  [doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7832-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7832-5).
  The modern treatment of ocean ambient noise: the wind "rule of fives" and
  the Mellen thermal-noise derivation.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- MacGillivray, A., & de Jong, C. (2021). A reference spectrum model for
  estimating source levels of marine shipping based on automated
  identification system data. *Journal of Marine Science and Engineering*,
  9(4), 369.
  [doi:10.3390/jmse9040369](https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040369).
  The open-access JOMOPANS-ECHO ship source-level model and its reference
  calculator.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).
- Wales, S. C., & Heitmeyer, R. M. (2002). An ensemble source spectra model
  for merchant ship-radiated noise. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
  America*, 111(3), 1211-1231.
  [doi:10.1121/1.1427355](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1427355).
  The ensemble merchant-ship source-spectrum model.
  Cited by [Underwater sound propagation](underwater-propagation.md).

## Speech

- Houtgast, T., & Steeneken, H. J. M. (1985). A review of the MTF concept in
  room acoustics and its use for estimating speech intelligibility in
  auditoria. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*, 77(3),
  1069-1077. [doi:10.1121/1.392224](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.392224).
  The modulation-transfer framework the Speech Transmission Index is built on.
  Cited by [Speech Transmission Index](speech-transmission.md).
- French, N. R., & Steinberg, J. C. (1947). Factors governing the
  intelligibility of speech sounds. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
  America*, 19(1), 90-119.
  [doi:10.1121/1.1916407](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1916407).
  The articulation-band experiments behind the band-importance function of the
  Speech Intelligibility Index.
  Cited by [Speech Intelligibility Index](speech-intelligibility.md).

## Psychoacoustics

- Fletcher, H., & Munson, W. A. (1933). Loudness, its definition, measurement
  and calculation. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America*, 5(2),
  82-108. [doi:10.1121/1.1915637](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1915637).
  The original equal-loudness measurements whose 40-phon contour became the
  A-weighting curve.
  Cited by [Frequency Weighting (A, C, G, Z)](weighting.md) and
  [Loudness](loudness.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2023). *Acoustics —
  Normal equal-loudness-level contours* (ISO 226:2023).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/83117.html).
  The modern equal-loudness contours, successors of the Fletcher-Munson
  curves.
  Cited by [Frequency Weighting (A, C, G, Z)](weighting.md) and
  [Loudness](loudness.md).
- Fastl, H., & Zwicker, E. (2007). *Psychoacoustics: Facts and models*
  (3rd ed.). Springer.
  [doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68888-4](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68888-4).
  The psychoacoustic-annoyance model and the closed-form fluctuation strength
  for amplitude-modulated broadband noise.
  Cited by [Psychoacoustic annoyance](psychoacoustic-annoyance.md),
  [Loudness](loudness.md) and [Sound Quality Metrics](sound-quality.md).
- Osses Vecchi, A., García León, R., & Kohlrausch, A. (2016). Modelling the
  sensation of fluctuation strength. *Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics*,
  28, 050005. [doi:10.1121/2.0000410](https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0000410).
  The fluctuation-strength signal model and its Table 1 literature values.
  Cited by [Psychoacoustic annoyance](psychoacoustic-annoyance.md).
- Felix Greco, G., Merino-Martínez, R., Osses, A., & Lotinga, M. J. B. (2025).
  *SQAT: a sound quality analysis toolbox for MATLAB* (open-source software).
  [github.com/ggrecow/SQAT](https://github.com/ggrecow/SQAT),
  [doi:10.5281/zenodo.7934709](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7934709).
  The open MATLAB reference used as the numeric oracle for the
  fluctuation-strength cross-checks.
  Cited by [Psychoacoustic annoyance](psychoacoustic-annoyance.md).
- Ecma International. (2024). *ECMA-418-1: Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT
  equipment — Part 1: Prominent discrete tones* (3rd ed.).
  [Free PDF](https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-418-1_3rd_edition_december_2024.pdf).
  The freely downloadable tone-to-noise ratio and prominence ratio methods.
  Cited by [Prominent Discrete Tones](tone-prominence.md).
- Ecma International. (2025). *ECMA-74: Measurement of airborne noise emitted
  by information technology and telecommunications equipment* (22nd ed.).
  [Free PDF](https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-74_22nd_edition_december_2025.pdf).
  The freely downloadable parent emission standard whose Annex D delegates
  tone assessment to ECMA-418-1.
  Cited by [Prominent Discrete Tones](tone-prominence.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2016). *Acoustics —
  Objective method for assessing the audibility of tones in noise —
  Engineering method* (ISO/PAS 20065:2016; withdrawn, superseded by
  [ISO/TS 20065:2022](https://www.iso.org/standard/81518.html)).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/66941.html).
  The engineering method for the objective audibility of tones; the
  implementation follows the 2016 PAS edition.
  Cited by [Objective audibility of tones](tone-audibility.md).

## Hearing and hearing conservation

- International Organization for Standardization. (2017). *Acoustics —
  Statistical distribution of hearing thresholds related to age and gender*
  (ISO 7029:2017). [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/42916.html).
  The age model of the hearing threshold and its population spread.
  Cited by [Hearing threshold](hearing-threshold.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2005). *Acoustics —
  Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment — Part 7:
  Reference threshold of hearing under free-field and diffuse-field listening
  conditions* (ISO 389-7:2005).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/38976.html).
  The audiometric zero as a sound pressure level.
  Cited by [Hearing threshold](hearing-threshold.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2013). *Acoustics —
  Estimation of noise-induced hearing loss* (ISO 1999:2013).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/45103.html).
  The NIPTS model, its distribution and the HTLAN combination.
  Cited by [Noise-induced hearing loss](noise-induced-hearing-loss.md).
- Passchier-Vermeer, W. (1974). Hearing loss due to continuous exposure to
  steady-state broad-band noise. *The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
  America*, 56(5), 1585–1593.
  [doi:10.1121/1.1903482](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1903482).
  A field study of the noise exposure-response relations later codified in
  ISO 1999.
  Cited by [Noise-induced hearing loss](noise-induced-hearing-loss.md).
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (1998). *Criteria for
  a recommended standard: Occupational noise exposure — Revised criteria 1998*
  (DHHS/NIOSH Publication No. 98-126).
  [doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB98126](https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHPUB98126),
  [free PDF](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/98-126/pdfs/98-126.pdf).
  The freely available criteria document behind the 85 dB(A) recommended
  exposure limit and the hearing-conservation and fence discussion.
  Cited by [Noise-induced hearing loss](noise-induced-hearing-loss.md) and
  [Occupational noise exposure](occupational-exposure.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2009). *Acoustics —
  Determination of occupational noise exposure — Engineering method*
  (ISO 9612:2009). [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/41718.html).
  The three measurement strategies and the Annex C uncertainty budget.
  Cited by [Occupational noise exposure](occupational-exposure.md).
- European Parliament and Council. (2003). *Directive 2003/10/EC on the
  minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to
  the risks arising from physical agents (noise)*. Official Journal of the
  European Union.
  [eur-lex.europa.eu](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2003/10/oj/eng).
  The EU exposure action and limit values for occupational noise.
  Cited by [Occupational noise exposure](occupational-exposure.md).

## Human vibration

- Griffin, M. J. (1996). *Handbook of human vibration*. Academic Press.
  ISBN 978-0-12-303041-2.
  [Publisher page](https://shop.elsevier.com/books/handbook-of-human-vibration/griffin/978-0-12-303041-2).
  The standard monograph on whole-body and hand-transmitted vibration: the
  biodynamics, discomfort and health-effect evidence behind the weightings,
  dose measures and exposure-response guidance of the vibration guides.
  Cited by [Human Vibration](human-vibration.md) and
  [Multiple-shock whole-body vibration](multiple-shock-vibration.md).
- Mansfield, N. J. (2004). *Human response to vibration*. CRC Press.
  ISBN 978-0-415-28239-0.
  [Publisher page](https://www.routledge.com/Human-Response-to-Vibration/Mansfield/p/book/9780415282390).
  A compact modern textbook on the ISO 2631-1 and ISO 5349 evaluation chains,
  from perception and comfort to the occupational exposure limits.
  Cited by [Human Vibration](human-vibration.md).

## Metrology

- Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. (2008). *Evaluation of measurement
  data — Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement* (JCGM
  100:2008, the GUM). BIPM.
  [doi:10.59161/JCGM100-2008E](https://doi.org/10.59161/JCGM100-2008E),
  [free PDF](https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf).
  The law of propagation of uncertainty implemented by the uncertainty module.
  Cited by [Measurement uncertainty](gum-uncertainty.md).
- Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. (2008). *Evaluation of measurement
  data — Supplement 1 to the "Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
  measurement" — Propagation of distributions using a Monte Carlo method*
  (JCGM 101:2008). BIPM.
  [doi:10.59161/JCGM101-2008](https://doi.org/10.59161/JCGM101-2008),
  [free PDF](https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_101_2008_E.pdf).
  The Monte Carlo propagation of distributions implemented by the Monte Carlo
  uncertainty engine.
  Cited by [Measurement uncertainty](gum-uncertainty.md).
- International Organization for Standardization. (2020). *Acoustics —
  Determination and application of measurement uncertainties in building
  acoustics — Part 1: Sound insulation* (ISO 12999-1:2020).
  [iso.org catalogue](https://www.iso.org/standard/73930.html).
  The domain-specific reproducibility budget for building-acoustics
  single-number ratings, the companion to the general GUM machinery.
  Cited by [Measurement uncertainty](gum-uncertainty.md).
